Oracle Linux 10 LVM on AWS User Guide

Overview

This guide covers launching and verifying the Oracle Linux 10 LVM AMI from cloudimg on Amazon EC2. It is one version of the cloudimg Oracle Linux listing on AWS Marketplace; you pick it as the software version when you subscribe and launch. Every release and variant in the listing is described at /guides/oracle-linux-aws/.

Oracle Linux 10 is a free enterprise Linux distribution from Oracle, binary compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10. This image is built from Oracle's own Oracle Linux 10 cloud image, updated to Oracle Linux 10.2, and adds four things:

• An LVM disk layout with separate volumes. The root filesystem and six common mount points are separate XFS logical volumes in the volume group ol: /home, /tmp, /var, /var/tmp, /var/log and /var/log/audit. Each is mounted nodev,nosuid, and /tmp, /var/tmp, /var/log and /var/log/audit are also noexec; /boot has its own partition. A full log or temp volume cannot fill the root filesystem, and you can grow any volume on its own (Step 12).
• PCI-DSS v4.0 Control Baseline remediation. The image is remediated with, and aligned with, the OpenSCAP PCI-DSS v4.0 Control Baseline profile from SCAP Security Guide 0.1.82 (Oracle's own signed scap-security-guide package and its ssg-ol10 content), then rebooted and evaluated. Measured on a fresh instance launched from this AMI, 225 of 231 scored rules pass (97.4%). Six rules are waived, each with its reason: five because they cannot work on an EC2 image, and rpm_verify_permissions because its fix would undo the profile's own tightening of the cron file permissions (Step 5). The HTML report, the machine-readable results, the waiver list and a summary ship in /usr/share/doc/cloudimg/. This is a configuration baseline, not a PCI DSS attestation: PCI DSS compliance is assessed for your whole cardholder data environment, not for an operating system image.
• EC2 defaults that keep you in control. Key-only SSH as ec2-user, root locked, no password on any account, SELinux enforcing, IMDSv2 required, a host firewall (firewalld) that allows SSH in and everything out, the AWS Systems Manager agent, and time from the Amazon Time Sync Service.
• Fully patched at build time, with dnf-automatic applying security updates on your instance.

What is on the image: Oracle Linux 10.2 with the Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel (UEK) Release 8 (kernel 6.12), cloud-init, OpenSSH, firewalld, chrony, SELinux (targeted policy, enforcing), the AWS Systems Manager agent, auditd, rsyslog, AIDE file integrity checking, dnf-automatic, Python 3.12, LVM2, OpenSCAP and the pinned SCAP Security Guide content used for the evaluation. Postfix is installed for local mail only, disabled and bound to loopback; its TLS key is generated on each instance at first boot.

Default user: ec2-user · Architecture: x86_64 · Boot mode: legacy BIOS · Root volume: 12 GiB gp3: a /boot partition and one LVM physical volume holding seven XFS logical volumes

Connecting to your instance

Version	SSH user	Root device
Oracle Linux 10 LVM	ec2-user	/dev/xvda (12 GiB gp3)

Security posture

• No known credential. There is no default password and no baked in SSH key. The only key that works is the EC2 key pair you choose at launch, which cloud-init installs for ec2-user on first boot.
• Key-only SSH. PasswordAuthentication no, PermitRootLogin no, keyboard-interactive off. The root account has no password and is locked.
• Per-instance identity. SSH host keys, the machine ID and the Postfix TLS key are generated fresh on every instance, so no two instances share a key.
• IMDSv2 required. The AMI is registered with ImdsSupport v2.0, so instances launched from it refuse token-less (IMDSv1) metadata requests by default.
• SELinux enforcing with the targeted policy, as Oracle Linux ships it.
• Host firewall. firewalld's public zone allows only SSH and the DHCPv6 client inbound and allows all outbound traffic, so the SSM agent, metadata service, DNS, time and package updates keep working.
• Only SSH listens on the network. Nothing else on the image listens on any address.

Prerequisites

1. An AWS account and permission to launch EC2 instances
2. An EC2 key pair in the Region you launch in
3. A security group that allows TCP 22 from your own address (not from the whole internet)

Recommended instance type: m5.large. The image runs on any current x86_64 instance type.

Step 1: Launch the instance

Option A: AWS Marketplace console

1. Open the cloudimg Oracle Linux listing on AWS Marketplace and choose View purchase options, then Subscribe. One subscription covers every version in the listing.
2. Once the subscription is active, choose Launch your software.
3. Choose One-click launch from AWS Marketplace (or Launch from EC2 Console for full control), then in Version choose Oracle Linux 10 LVM - YYYY-MM-DD (the date is when the version was added) and your Region.
4. Instance type: m5.large is recommended; any current x86_64 type works. The software charge is $0.04 per vCPU per hour.
5. Key pair: choose your EC2 key pair. It is the only way in. RSA and ED25519 keys both work.
6. Security group: allow inbound TCP 22 from your own IP address or network only.
7. Storage: the root volume is 12 GiB gp3 by default. You can choose a larger size; the extra space is not given to any volume automatically, you add it to the volumes you choose after launch (Step 12).
8. Metadata: leave the defaults. The image already requires IMDSv2. Then choose Launch.

Option B: AWS CLI

Run this on your own workstation. Replace the AMI ID with the one shown for your Region on the Marketplace launch page, and the key pair, security group and subnet with your own. The root device of this AMI is /dev/xvda:

aws ec2 run-instances \
  --image-id ami-0123456789abcdef0 \
  --instance-type m5.large \
  --key-name my-key-pair \
  --security-group-ids sg-0123456789abcdef0 \
  --subnet-id subnet-0123456789abcdef0 \
  --block-device-mappings 'DeviceName=/dev/xvda,Ebs={VolumeSize=20,VolumeType=gp3}' \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=instance,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=oracle-linux-10-lvm}]'

You do not need --metadata-options: the AMI already makes IMDSv2 required. With VolumeSize=20 the extra 8 GiB waits in the disk for you to allocate (Step 12).

Step 2: Connect via SSH

From your workstation, connect as ec2-user with the key pair you chose:

ssh -i ~/.ssh/my-key-pair.pem ec2-user@<public-ip>

There is no password to enter. If SSH asks for one, or says Too many authentication failures, see Troubleshooting below.

You can also connect without opening port 22 at all through AWS Systems Manager Session Manager, if the instance has an instance profile that allows Systems Manager. The agent is installed and running on this image.

Step 3: Confirm the release and kernel

cat /etc/oracle-release
grep -E '^(NAME|VERSION|ID|VERSION_ID|PLATFORM_ID|PRETTY_NAME)=' /etc/os-release
uname -srm
rpm -q kernel-uek

Expected output:

Oracle Linux Server release 10.2
NAME="Oracle Linux Server"
VERSION="10.2"
ID="ol"
VERSION_ID="10.2"
PLATFORM_ID="platform:el10"
PRETTY_NAME="Oracle Linux Server 10.2"
Linux 6.12.0-207.111.5.5.el10uek.x86_64 x86_64
kernel-uek-6.12.0-207.111.5.5.el10uek.x86_64

The image boots the Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel (UEK Release 8, kernel 6.12), the kernel Oracle uses in its own cloud images. The Red Hat Compatible Kernel is not installed. This version tracks Oracle Linux 10: Oracle's ol10_baseos_latest repository moves the instance to each new Oracle Linux 10 minor release through normal dnf updates. Your kernel and minor release may be newer if updates have installed since this image was built.

Step 4: See the LVM layout

The disk and its volumes:

lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINT /dev/nvme0n1

Expected output with the default 12 GiB root volume:

NAME                  SIZE TYPE FSTYPE      MOUNTPOINT
nvme0n1                12G disk             
├─nvme0n1p1             1M part             
├─nvme0n1p2           200M part vfat        /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p3             1G part xfs         /boot
└─nvme0n1p4          10.8G part LVM2_member 
  ├─ol-root             4G lvm  xfs         /
  ├─ol-home             1G lvm  xfs         /home
  ├─ol-tmp              1G lvm  xfs         /tmp
  ├─ol-var            1.5G lvm  xfs         /var
  ├─ol-var_tmp        512M lvm  xfs         /var/tmp
  ├─ol-var_log          1G lvm  xfs         /var/log
  └─ol-var_log_audit    1G lvm  xfs         /var/log/audit

The volume group, its logical volumes and the mount options each volume carries:

sudo vgs
sudo lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_path ol
for m in / /home /tmp /var /var/tmp /var/log /var/log/audit /boot /dev/shm; do printf '%-15s %-30s %s\n' "$m" "$(findmnt -no SOURCE "$m")" "$(findmnt -no OPTIONS "$m" | tr , '\n' | grep -xE 'rw|ro|nodev|nosuid|noexec' | paste -sd, -)"; done

Expected output:

  VG #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree  
  ol   1   7   0 wz--n- 10.80g 820.00m
  LV            LSize   Path                 
  home            1.00g /dev/ol/home         
  root            4.00g /dev/ol/root         
  tmp             1.00g /dev/ol/tmp          
  var             1.50g /dev/ol/var          
  var_log         1.00g /dev/ol/var_log      
  var_log_audit   1.00g /dev/ol/var_log_audit
  var_tmp       512.00m /dev/ol/var_tmp      
/               /dev/mapper/ol-root            rw
/home           /dev/mapper/ol-home            rw,nosuid,nodev
/tmp            /dev/mapper/ol-tmp             rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec
/var            /dev/mapper/ol-var             rw,nosuid,nodev
/var/tmp        /dev/mapper/ol-var_tmp         rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec
/var/log        /dev/mapper/ol-var_log         rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec
/var/log/audit  /dev/mapper/ol-var_log_audit   rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec
/boot           /dev/nvme0n1p3                 rw,nosuid,nodev
/dev/shm        tmpfs                          rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec

• The disk has a 1 MiB BIOS boot partition, a 200 MiB EFI system partition, a 1 GiB /boot (XFS) and one LVM physical volume. The AMI boots in legacy BIOS mode.
• The mount options are set in /etc/fstab by filesystem UUID, so they survive reboots and apply on every instance launched from the image. The last column shows the options that matter here; findmnt lists the rest.
• The volume group keeps 820 MiB free at the default size, so you can grow the volume that fills first without touching EBS (Step 12).

The kernel finds its root filesystem on the logical volume. On Oracle Linux 10 each boot entry in /boot/loader/entries/ carries its own kernel arguments, and new kernels take theirs from /etc/kernel/cmdline, which names the logical volume too, so every kernel that a future update installs boots from the logical volume as well:

grep -o 'root=[^ ]*\|rd.lvm[^ ]*' /proc/cmdline | sort -u
grep -o 'root=[^ ]*\|rd.lvm[^ ]*' /etc/kernel/cmdline | sort -u
sudo sh -c 'grep -h "^options" /boot/loader/entries/*.conf' | grep -o 'root=[^ ]*\|rd.lvm[^ ]*' | sort -u
rpm -q lvm2 cloud-utils-growpart xfsprogs

Expected output:

rd.lvm.lv=ol/root
root=/dev/mapper/ol-root
rd.lvm.lv=ol/root
root=/dev/mapper/ol-root
rd.lvm.lv=ol/root
root=/dev/mapper/ol-root
lvm2-2.03.36-2.el10.x86_64
cloud-utils-growpart-0.33-11.el10.noarch
xfsprogs-6.18.0-1.0.4.el10.x86_64

The package set is Oracle's Oracle Linux 10 cloud image set plus the tools the hardening adds (430 packages on a new instance), not trimmed: the Oracle Linux 10 Minimal version of this listing runs the guarded trim on a single volume.

Step 5: Read the compliance evidence

The evaluation the build ran after its reboot ships on the image:

ls -lh /usr/share/doc/cloudimg/
python3 -c "import json; s=json.load(open('/usr/share/doc/cloudimg/pci-dss-summary.json')); print('profile:      ', s['profileLabel'], '(SCAP Security Guide', s['ssgVersion'] + ')'); print('scored rules: ', s['scored'], ' pass:', s['pass'], ' fail:', s['fail'], ' rate:', str(s['ratePct']) + '%'); print('waived:       ', s['waived'], ' not applicable:', s['notapplicable']); print('evaluated at: ', s['evaluatedAt'])"

Expected output:

total 26M
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  24M Oct 21 14:36 pci-dss-arf.xml
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.5M Oct 21 14:36 pci-dss-report.html
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.4K Oct 21 14:36 pci-dss-summary.json
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.7K Oct 21 14:36 pci-dss-tailoring.xml
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.6K Oct 21 14:36 pci-dss-waivers.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.6K Oct 21 14:28 scap-security-guide-LICENSE.txt
profile:       PCI-DSS v4.0 Control Baseline (SCAP Security Guide 0.1.82)
scored rules:  231  pass: 225  fail: 6  rate: 97.4%
waived:        6  not applicable: 13
evaluated at:  2026-10-21T14:36:47Z

• pci-dss-report.html is the full OpenSCAP report, rule by rule. Copy it to your workstation and open it in a browser.
• pci-dss-arf.xml is the same evaluation in the machine-readable ARF format, for compliance tooling.
• pci-dss-tailoring.xml is the exact tailoring used, so you can re-run the same evaluation (Step 6).
• The pass rate is pass / (pass + fail + error + unknown). Rules that are not applicable to this machine, not checked, not selected, or waived are not counted.
• The same evaluation, re-run on a fresh instance launched from the published AMI, gave the same 225 of 231 (97.4%).

To copy the report to your workstation, run this on the workstation:

scp -i ~/.ssh/my-key-pair.pem ec2-user@<public-ip>:/usr/share/doc/cloudimg/pci-dss-report.html .

The six waived rules

grep -v '^#' /usr/share/doc/cloudimg/pci-dss-waivers.txt | cut -f1,2

Expected output:

sudo_require_authentication [default-user-sudo]
ensure_root_password_configured [serial-console-and-boot]
accounts_maximum_age_login_defs [key-only-account-aging]
account_disable_post_pw_expiration  [key-only-account-aging]
sshd_limit_user_access  [ssh-access-list]
rpm_verify_permissions  [package-defaults-tightened]

The full reason for each is the third column of the same file. In short:

• Password for sudo: ec2-user is key-only with no password, and cloud-init gives it password-free sudo. Demanding a password for sudo would leave the only administrator unable to use it.
• Root password: a root password would have to be baked into the image, giving every instance the same secret. Root stays locked with no password. Set your own password if you need serial console access (see Step 11).
• Password ageing defaults: the accounts cloud-init creates are key-only. An ageing limit would expire them and lock the SSH key out. Accounts that do have a password are still aged.
• SSH AllowUsers/AllowGroups: a list fixed at build time would refuse accounts you create later. Your security group restricts who can reach port 22.
• RPM file permissions (rpm_verify_permissions): the profile makes /etc/crontab (0600) and the /etc/cron.d, /etc/cron.hourly, /etc/cron.daily, /etc/cron.weekly and /etc/cron.monthly directories (0700) readable by root only, and those rules are applied and scored. rpm_verify_permissions then reports exactly those modes as different from the package defaults, and its fix (rpm --setperms) would put them back to 0644 and 0755, undoing the hardening. The profile contradicts itself here, so this one rule is waived; rpm_verify_hashes and rpm_verify_ownership stay applied and scored.

The audit log retention rules that the single-volume versions waive are applied and pass here, because /var/log/audit has its own volume: auditd mails root when the audit volume runs low (space_left_action = email) and switches the instance to single-user mode when it reaches its last reserve (admin_space_left_action = single), so audit records are never silently lost. Watch df -h /var/log/audit and grow the volume before that (Step 12).

The PCI-DSS profile does not select the separate-partition or mount-option rules, so the LVM layout does not change the score; it is there for operations (a full log or temp volume cannot fill /).

The six rules that do not pass

python3 -c "import json; [print(r) for r in json.load(open('/usr/share/doc/cloudimg/pci-dss-summary.json'))['failingRules']]"

Expected output:

accounts_password_last_change_is_in_past
ensure_pam_wheel_group_empty
selinux_confinement_of_daemons
set_firewalld_default_zone
sysctl_fs_suid_dumpable
sysctl_kernel_core_pattern

• Last password change date. The locked root account carries no "last changed" date in /etc/shadow, and the rule wants a date in the past for every account. Root has no password either way.
• The su group. The profile restricts su to members of a group named sugroup (pam_wheel.so group=sugroup in /etc/pam.d/su), and that group does not exist, so nobody can use su. The rule also wants the group to exist and be empty. To clear the finding without changing who can use su, run sudo groupadd sugroup.
• Unconfined daemons. The AWS Systems Manager agent runs as the SELinux type unconfined_service_t, because Amazon's package ships no SELinux policy for it. Every other daemon is confined.
• Default firewalld zone. The benchmark wants DefaultZone=drop in /etc/firewalld/firewalld.conf. The image keeps public as the default zone, bound to eth0 and allowing only SSH and the DHCPv6 client inbound, so incoming traffic is filtered the same way while new interfaces still get a working zone. If you want the stricter default, run sudo firewall-cmd --set-default-zone=drop and keep eth0 in public.
• Core dump settings (two rules). Core dumps are disabled on the running system: sysctl fs.suid_dumpable kernel.core_pattern prints fs.suid_dumpable = 0 and kernel.core_pattern = |/bin/false, set in /etc/sysctl.d/99-cloudimg-pci.conf. On Oracle Linux 10 the systemd-udev package ships /usr/lib/sysctl.d/50-coredump.conf, which would turn them back on; the image replaces it with /etc/sysctl.d/50-coredump.conf, which systemd reads instead of the vendor file. The SCAP Security Guide 0.1.82 checks read the vendor file's lines as configuration anyway, so they report a failure although the settings in force are the ones the profile asks for. The image keeps the package file intact rather than editing a file rpm owns.

Step 6: Re-run the evaluation yourself

You can repeat the evaluation at any time with the same content and tailoring. It takes about two minutes:

sudo oscap xccdf eval \
  --tailoring-file /usr/share/doc/cloudimg/pci-dss-tailoring.xml \
  --profile xccdf_co.cloudimg_profile_pci-dss_ec2_lvm \
  --results /tmp/pci-check-results.xml --report /tmp/pci-check-report.html \
  /usr/share/xml/scap/ssg/content/ssg-ol10-ds.xml > /tmp/pci-check.log 2>&1
echo "oscap exit code: $? (2 = at least one rule did not pass)"
sudo python3 -c "import re,collections; c=collections.Counter(re.findall(r'<result>(\w+)</result>', open('/tmp/pci-check-results.xml').read())); s=sum(c[k] for k in ('pass','fail','error','unknown')); print(dict(sorted(c.items()))); print('pass rate: %.1f%%' % (100.0*c['pass']/s))"

Expected output:

oscap exit code: 2 (2 = at least one rule did not pass)
{'fail': 6, 'notapplicable': 13, 'notchecked': 2, 'notselected': 631, 'pass': 225}
pass rate: 97.4%

Your own report is at /tmp/pci-check-report.html. The content file is ssg-ol10-ds.xml, the Oracle Linux 10 data stream (Oracle's package also carries the Oracle Linux 9 data stream ssg-ol9-ds.xml; use the Oracle Linux 10 one on this release). As you install software and change settings, re-run this to see how your changes affect the result.

Step 7: Confirm IMDSv2 is required

curl -s -o /dev/null -w 'IMDSv1 request without a token: HTTP %{http_code}\n' http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/instance-id
TOKEN=$(curl -s -X PUT -H 'X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 60' http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token)
curl -s -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" -w '\n' http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/placement/region

Expected output (your Region may differ):

IMDSv1 request without a token: HTTP 401
us-east-1

A request without a session token is refused with HTTP 401, and the same request with a token works. Scripts and SDKs on the instance must use IMDSv2; every current AWS SDK and the AWS CLI do this automatically.

Step 8: The host firewall and listening ports

sudo firewall-cmd --state
sudo firewall-cmd --list-all
sudo firewall-cmd --get-active-zones
sudo ss -tlnp

Expected output:

running
public (default, active)
  target: default
  ingress-priority: 0
  egress-priority: 0
  icmp-block-inversion: no
  interfaces: eth0
  sources: 
  services: dhcpv6-client ssh
  ports: 
  protocols: 
  forward: yes
  masquerade: no
  forward-ports: 
  source-ports: 
  icmp-blocks: 
  rich rules: 
public (default)
  interfaces: eth0
trusted
  interfaces: lo
State  Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:PortProcess                       
LISTEN 0      128          0.0.0.0:22        0.0.0.0:*    users:(("sshd",pid=1239,fd=7))
LISTEN 0      128             [::]:22           [::]:*    users:(("sshd",pid=1239,fd=8))

• Only sshd listens, on port 22. Nothing else on the image opens a TCP port; Postfix is disabled.
• The public zone allows ssh and dhcpv6-client (replies to the instance's IPv6 DHCP client, which is how an instance in an IPv6-enabled subnet gets its address). The default cockpit service is removed from the zone; Cockpit is not installed.
• The loopback interface sits in firewalld's trusted zone. forward: yes is firewalld's default for a zone on Oracle Linux 10; IP forwarding itself is off in the kernel (net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0), so the instance does not route traffic between interfaces.

Opening a port for your own service takes two steps: allow it in the instance's security group, and allow it in firewalld. For example, for a web server on 443, run on the instance:

sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

If a port is open in the security group but not in firewalld (or the other way round), the traffic will not arrive.

Step 9: Time sync and the Systems Manager agent

systemctl is-active chronyd amazon-ssm-agent
chronyc -n sources
rpm -q amazon-ssm-agent

Expected output (the pool servers and timings vary):

active
active
MS Name/IP address         Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample               
===============================================================================
^- 198.137.202.56                2   6    37    37   +368us[ +367us] +/-   41ms
^- 104.152.220.10                2   6    37    37  +6984us[+6984us] +/-   45ms
^- 23.172.120.58                 2   6    37    39  -8400us[-8462us] +/-   65ms
^- 23.186.168.123                2   6    37    38   +682us[ +684us] +/-   55ms
^* 169.254.169.123               3   4   377     6    +28us[  +28us] +/-  501us
amazon-ssm-agent-3.3.5390.0-1.x86_64

The ^* marks the source chrony is using: 169.254.169.123, the Amazon Time Sync Service. It is reachable from every instance without internet access, so time stays correct in a private subnet too. The public pool servers are fallbacks.

The AWS Systems Manager agent is installed from Amazon's own package (3.3.5390.0 on this build). It is not in the Oracle Linux repositories, so dnf does not update it; Systems Manager can keep it current for you (the AWS-UpdateSSMAgent document, or the Auto update SSM Agent setting in Fleet Manager).

Step 10: Patch level and automatic updates

The image is fully patched at build time. Check what is pending now:

sudo dnf -q check-update --refresh
echo "dnf check-update exit code: $? (0 = nothing to update, 100 = updates available)"
grep -E '^(upgrade_type|apply_updates)' /etc/dnf/automatic.conf
systemctl is-enabled dnf-automatic.timer
uname -r
dnf repolist

Expected output on an instance launched soon after the image was built (later launches list the updates released since, with exit code 100):

dnf check-update exit code: 0 (0 = nothing to update, 100 = updates available)
upgrade_type = security
apply_updates = yes
enabled
6.12.0-207.111.5.5.el10uek.x86_64
repo id                repo name
ol10_UEKR8             Oracle Linux 10 UEK Release 8 (x86_64)
ol10_appstream         Oracle Linux 10 Application Stream Packages (x86_64)
ol10_baseos_latest     Oracle Linux 10 BaseOS Latest (x86_64)

The instance uses Oracle's public yum server (yum.oracle.com): BaseOS, AppStream and UEK Release 8. No subscription is needed. dnf-automatic runs daily and installs security updates automatically. To update everything now, run:

sudo dnf -y upgrade

Reboot if a new kernel was installed:

sudo systemctl reboot

Step 11: Security settings on the instance

getenforce
sudo passwd -S root
sudo sshd -T | grep -E '^(permitrootlogin|passwordauthentication|pubkeyauthentication|maxauthtries|clientaliveinterval) '

Expected output:

Enforcing
root L never 0 99999 7 -1
maxauthtries 4
clientaliveinterval 900
permitrootlogin no
pubkeyauthentication yes
passwordauthentication no

• Enforcing means SELinux is on and enforcing the targeted policy. Keep it on; if your own software is denied, check sudo ausearch -m avc -ts recent rather than disabling SELinux.
• L means the root account is locked, and never means it has no "last changed" date (see Step 5).
• maxauthtries 4 and clientaliveinterval 900 come from the PCI-DSS profile: SSH allows four authentication attempts per connection and checks idle sessions every 15 minutes.
• sshd -T prints the settings the SSH server really uses, after every file in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ is applied. The image's key-only settings are in 00-ec2-key-only.conf, which is read first, so it wins over Oracle's 01-permitrootlogin.conf.

SSH ciphers and MACs come from the crypto policy. On Oracle Linux 10 the SSH server includes the system-wide crypto policy (/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/40-redhat-crypto-policies.conf). To see what the server really offers:

update-crypto-policies --show
sudo sshd -T | grep -E '^(ciphers|macs) '

Expected output:

DEFAULT
ciphers aes256-gcm@openssh.com,chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com,aes256-ctr,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes128-ctr
macs hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha1,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512

No CBC or 3DES cipher is offered. To change the algorithms, change the crypto policy (man update-crypto-policies), not sshd_config.

EC2 Serial Console and recovery. No account on this image has a password, so the serial console cannot log in until you set one. If you want serial console access, set a password for your own user on your running instance (the password is yours and is not on the image):

sudo passwd ec2-user

Step 12: Growing a volume, swap, file integrity and mail

sudo vgs ol
df -h / /var /var/log
sudo grep -E 'cc_growpart.py.*(SKIPPED|resized|NOCHANGE)' /var/log/cloud-init.log | tail -1 | cut -c1-150
swapon --noheadings --show | wc -l
sudo grep -h aide /etc/crontab
systemctl is-enabled postfix cloudimg-postfix-tls

Expected output with the default 12 GiB root volume:

  VG #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree  
  ol   1   7   0 wz--n- 10.80g 820.00m
Filesystem              Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ol-root     4.0G  2.1G  1.9G  54% /
/dev/mapper/ol-var      1.5G  258M  1.2G  18% /var
/dev/mapper/ol-var_log  924M   52M  873M   6% /var/log
2026-10-21 15:05:04,460 - cc_growpart.py[DEBUG]: '/' SKIPPED: Resizing mapped device (/dev/mapper/ol-root) skipped as it is not encrypted.
0
05 4 * * * root /usr/sbin/aide --check
disabled
enabled

Plan space for / before you install software. The root volume has about 1.9 GiB free at the default size. Most of the 2.1 GiB in use is the operating system under /usr, including about 780 MiB of firmware files from the linux-firmware package, which the Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel package requires and which therefore stays installed. The volume group's 820 MiB of free space, or a larger EBS volume, gives / more room when you need it (below).

cloud-init does not grow LVM volumes. On a single-volume Oracle Linux image cloud-init grows the root filesystem to the volume size on first boot. On this image the root filesystem is a logical volume, so cloud-init skips it (the SKIPPED line above). That is deliberate: you decide which volume gets the space. When you launch with a bigger root volume, or grow the EBS volume later with aws ec2 modify-volume, add the space in three steps on the instance:

1. Grow partition 4 (the LVM physical volume) to the end of the disk, and tell LVM:

sudo growpart /dev/nvme0n1 4
sudo pvresize /dev/nvme0n1p4

1. Give space to the volumes that need it. --resizefs grows the XFS filesystem in the same step, online, with no reboot:

sudo lvextend --resizefs -L +4G /dev/ol/root
sudo lvextend --resizefs -L +2G /dev/ol/var

1. Check the result:

sudo vgs ol
df -h / /var

Example output after growing a 12 GiB volume to 20 GiB and running the commands above (the filesystem geometry that xfs_growfs prints is shortened to ...):

CHANGED: partition=4 start=2510848 old: size=22652928 end=25163775 new: size=39432159 end=41943006
  Physical volume "/dev/nvme0n1p4" changed
  1 physical volume(s) resized or updated / 0 physical volume(s) not resized
  File system xfs found on ol/root mounted at /.
  Size of logical volume ol/root changed from 4.00 GiB (1024 extents) to 8.00 GiB (2048 extents).
  Extending file system xfs to 8.00 GiB (8589934592 bytes) on ol/root...
xfs_growfs /dev/ol/root
meta-data=/dev/mapper/ol-root    isize=512    agcount=8, agsize=131072 blks
...
data blocks changed from 1048576 to 2097152
xfs_growfs done
  Extended file system xfs on ol/root.
  Logical volume ol/root successfully resized.
  File system xfs found on ol/var mounted at /var.
  Size of logical volume ol/var changed from 1.50 GiB (384 extents) to 3.50 GiB (896 extents).
  Extending file system xfs to 3.50 GiB (3758096384 bytes) on ol/var...
xfs_growfs /dev/ol/var
meta-data=/dev/mapper/ol-var     isize=512    agcount=8, agsize=49152 blks
...
data blocks changed from 393216 to 917504
xfs_growfs done
  Extended file system xfs on ol/var.
  Logical volume ol/var successfully resized.
  VG #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree
  ol   1   7   0 wz--n- 18.80g 2.80g
Filesystem           Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ol-root  8.0G  2.2G  5.8G  28% /
/dev/mapper/ol-var   3.5G  314M  3.1G   9% /var

To give a volume all the remaining free space instead, use -l +100%FREE, for example sudo lvextend --resizefs -l +100%FREE /dev/ol/var_log. Leaving some space unallocated is useful: you can grow whichever volume fills first without touching EBS. XFS volumes grow online but cannot shrink, so add space in steps.

• Adding a data volume. Attach a new EBS volume, then give it its own volume group (for example sudo pvcreate /dev/nvme1n1, sudo vgcreate datavg /dev/nvme1n1, sudo lvcreate -n data -l 100%FREE datavg, sudo mkfs.xfs /dev/datavg/data) and mount it from /etc/fstab by UUID with the nofail option, so the instance still boots if the volume is ever detached. Check the device name with lsblk first: on Nitro instances the second EBS volume is usually /dev/nvme1n1. The image ships no LVM devices file (/etc/lvm/devices/system.devices), so LVM sees every attached disk. Do not attach a volume made from a snapshot of this image (or of another instance launched from it) to a running instance of it: both disks carry the same volume group and physical volume IDs, so LVM refuses the copy. Use vgimportclone on the copy first if you need to read one.
• Swap. The image has no swap. If your workload needs it, create a logical volume for it (for example sudo lvcreate -L 2G -n swap ol, then sudo mkswap /dev/ol/swap and an /etc/fstab entry), or a swap file on / or /var.
• AIDE. The file integrity database is built from the image's own files as the last build step, and the profile schedules aide --check daily at 04:05 from /etc/crontab. After you install software, rebuild it with sudo aide --init and move /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new.gz to /var/lib/aide/aide.db.gz.
• Postfix. Postfix is installed so local daemons can hand mail to root, but it is disabled and, if you enable it, listens on loopback only. cloudimg-postfix-tls.service generates this instance's own Postfix TLS key and certificate at first boot, so no two instances share one.

Step 13: Install software and add users

The instance uses the standard Oracle Linux 10 repositories:

sudo dnf -q list --available nginx

Expected output (the versions change over time):

Available Packages
nginx.src                  2:1.26.3-6.0.1.el10_2.7                ol10_appstream
nginx.x86_64               2:1.26.3-6.0.1.el10_2.7                ol10_appstream

Install and start software in the usual way, for example sudo dnf -y install nginx then sudo systemctl enable --now nginx, and open its port in the security group and firewalld (Step 8). The AWS CLI is not on the image; install the current version from AWS (the AWS CLI install guide) if you need it.

To add another administrator, create the account, add it to the wheel group and give it an SSH key:

sudo useradd -m -G wheel alice
sudo install -d -m 700 -o alice -g alice /home/alice/.ssh
echo "ssh-ed25519 AAAA... alice@laptop" | sudo tee /home/alice/.ssh/authorized_keys
sudo chown alice:alice /home/alice/.ssh/authorized_keys && sudo chmod 600 /home/alice/.ssh/authorized_keys
sudo restorecon -R /home/alice/.ssh

Because SSH is key-only, a new account needs its key in authorized_keys (and restorecon gives the file the SELinux label sshd expects). The new account has no password, so sudo cannot authenticate it until you give it one with sudo passwd alice. The password quality rules of the PCI-DSS profile apply to new passwords, including those root sets (enforce_for_root): at least 12 characters with at least one digit and one lower-case letter (/etc/security/pwquality.conf). SSH stays key-only; the password is used by sudo. (Password-free sudo is granted only to ec2-user, created by cloud-init.)

Common use cases

• A base for workloads in a PCI DSS scope that need a documented configuration baseline on an enterprise Linux 10, with the evaluation report already on the machine
• Software certified or packaged for Oracle Linux 10 or RHEL 10 compatible systems, on the Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel with SELinux enforcing from the first boot
• New deployments that want the newest Oracle Linux major release and its long support horizon on EC2
• Fleets managed through Systems Manager, with IMDSv2 required from the first boot
• A starting point for your own golden image: add your software, re-run Step 6, and keep the report with your build

Troubleshooting

SSH says "Too many authentication failures"

The SSH server allows four authentication attempts per connection. If your SSH agent holds several keys, it can use them up before it offers the right one. Tell SSH to offer only the key you name:

ssh -o IdentitiesOnly=yes -i ~/.ssh/my-key-pair.pem ec2-user@<public-ip>

Cannot connect via SSH

1. Check the instance is running and has passed its status checks.
2. Check the security group allows TCP 22 from your current public address.
3. Use the user name ec2-user (not opc, the user of Oracle's OCI images) and the key pair chosen at launch. Password login is disabled, so a wrong key never falls back to a password prompt.
4. If you changed firewalld, make sure the ssh service is still allowed. Session Manager (Step 2) still works if SSH is blocked, provided the instance has a Systems Manager instance profile.

My service is running but not reachable

Allow the port in both the security group and firewalld (Step 8). sudo firewall-cmd --list-all shows the firewalld rules; sudo ss -tlnp shows whether the service listens on all addresses or only on loopback. If the service runs on a non-standard port, SELinux may also need to allow it: install the SELinux management tools with sudo dnf -y install policycoreutils-python-utils, then, for example, sudo semanage port -a -t http_port_t -p tcp 8080 for a web server on 8080.

I launched with a bigger volume but df shows the same size

That is expected on this image: cloud-init does not grow logical volumes. Follow Step 12 to grow the physical volume and then the logical volumes you choose.

A volume is full

Check which one with df -h. If the volume group has free space (sudo vgs), grow the full volume with lvextend --resizefs (Step 12). If not, grow the EBS volume first with aws ec2 modify-volume or the console, then run the three steps in Step 12.

"Permission denied" running a script or binary

/tmp, /var/tmp, /var/log and /var/log/audit are mounted noexec. Run scripts through their interpreter (bash script.sh) or move them to your home directory or /opt.

A tool that uses instance metadata fails

The image requires IMDSv2. Old scripts that call http://169.254.169.254/ without a token get HTTP 401. Update them to request a token first (Step 7), or use the AWS CLI or a current SDK.

Package manager issues

Refresh the metadata first:

sudo dnf -q makecache --refresh && echo "repository metadata refreshed"

If the repositories are unreachable, check that the instance has outbound internet access (a public IP or a NAT gateway) and that DNS resolves:

getent hosts yum.oracle.com

Important notes

Oracle Linux is free and open source software. It is a distribution of thousands of packages, each under its own licence (GPL, LGPL, MIT, BSD, Apache 2.0 and others); rpm -qi <package> shows each package's licence. No subscription or licence key is needed to run this image or to receive updates from Oracle's public yum server. Oracle Linux Support is a separate, optional subscription from Oracle; this image does not include it, and Ksplice and the OCI agent are not on the image. The compliance tooling is OpenSCAP (LGPL 2.1 or later) and SCAP Security Guide content (BSD 3-Clause, licence text in /usr/share/doc/cloudimg/scap-security-guide-LICENSE.txt).

This version follows Oracle Linux 10 as a whole: it was built from Oracle Linux 10.2, and dnf updates move it to later Oracle Linux 10 minor releases as Oracle publishes them. The listing also carries Oracle Linux 8 and 9 if you need an older major release.

The PCI-DSS v4.0 Control Baseline profile used here is the OpenSCAP profile published in SCAP Security Guide. The image is remediated with that profile and aligned with it as measured above; this is not a PCI DSS attestation, and the image is not certified by the PCI Security Standards Council or by any assessor. A pass rate measures this image as built; your own changes affect it, which is why the evaluation can be re-run (Step 6).

Oracle and Oracle Linux are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a trademark of Red Hat, Inc. PCI DSS is a trademark of the PCI Security Standards Council. These names are used only to identify the software, its compatibility and the profile. cloudimg is not affiliated with or endorsed by Oracle, Red Hat or the PCI Security Standards Council.

Support

For help with this image, contact cloudimg support:

• Website: www.cloudimg.co.uk
• User Guides: www.cloudimg.co.uk/guides
• Oracle Linux on AWS hub: www.cloudimg.co.uk/guides/oracle-linux-aws